نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال بیست و سوم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

AbstractThis experiment was carried out to investigate the genetic diversity in some morphological, phenological and qualitative traits in hybrids obtained from the crossing of two breeding populations with 10 new potato varieties in spring cultivation in the Ardabil region in 2019. Twelve genotypes were planted in three replications based on a randomized complete block design. The analysis of variance showed that the cultivars were significantly different in all studied traits. Cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into three distinct groups. Therefore, the first group would be more appropriate if the selection target is based on yield, tuber weight, and starch percentage. The hybrids derived from Savalan♀ × Caeser♂ and Caeser♀× Savalan♂ crosses as well as cultivars of Liseta and Ribera, had the highest tuber yield (ranging from 36.63 to 39.97 ton.ha-1) among the studied genotypes. But in terms of starch and tuber dry matter percentage, only hybrids derived from the Savalan♀ × Caeser♂ cross were among the top genotypes and appearance characteristics, especially in baking; in group D, the skin and the flesh was yellow, the shape of the tuber was round, the depth of the eye was superficial, stolon's length was short, the harvest time was average early and it had a perfectly floury texture to the chips. The hybrids derived from the Caeser♀× Savalan♂ cross had a flour texture suitable for the slice. Liseta and Ribera varieties had a relatively soft texture and were ideal for multipurpose use.IntroductionIn terms of nutritional importance and production, potato ranks third after wheat and rice, with an annual production of over 3.41 million tons in Iran. It is one of the four main food substances worldwide after wheat, rice, and corn. Thus, 5.2% of the daily energy consumed by the world’s population is supplied by potatoes. Given the increasing trend of the world’s population, which is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, food security will be the most critical challenge for governments. Many potato cultivars are available; however, there is a dire need for new cultivars. New cultivars should have high yields with minimal input and possess characteristics that play a role in nutrition and health. They should also be suitable for the tuber morphology, tuber compounds, and solids. Given the importance and need of our country to identify potato cultivars and introduce high-yielding and adaptable cultivars to the climatic conditions of each region, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of some morphological, phenological, and quality traits in hybrids resulting from the crossbreeding of two improved populations with ten new potato cultivars in spring cultivation in the Ardabil region. The results can serve as a basis for breeding programs to introduce new cultivars compatible with spring cultivation regions. Materials and methodsTwelve genotypes, including hybrids obtained from the crossbreeding of two improved populations, along with ten new potato cultivars, were examined during the spring cultivation of 2019 in the Ardabil region. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Each genotype was planted in two rows, each 5 m long, with a distance of 75 cm between rows and 25 cm between the plants in the row. The planting depth of the tubers was considered to be 10 cm. Planting, maintenance, and harvesting operations were uniformly applied to all plots. The traits that were examined included the number of main stems per plant, plant height, number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant, tuber yield, dry matter percentage, and starch percentage.Results and discussionAccording to the results, the genotypes under investigation had significant differences in all traits which were studied. The Savalan cultivar had the highest plant height, whereas regarding the number of main stems Caruso and Savalan cultivars were noticeably higher. The hybrids resulting from the crossbreeding of the Savalan♀×Caeser♂, Caeser♀× Savalan♂, and Liseta and Savalan cultivars had the highest number of tubers and tuber weight per plant, as well as total tuber yield. The hybrids resulting from the Savalan♀×Caeser♂, Caruso, Crisps4all, and Savalan cultivars had the highest starch and dry matter percentages of the tuber. Generally, cultivars with higher dry matter content absorb less oil when fried; therefore, they are also better in terms of nutritional health. The heritability of the traits under study was estimated to be 72.66%–98.29%. The heritability of the tuber yield was 89.03%. The hybrids resulting from Savalan♀×Caeser♂, which were superior in yield and other desirable traits compared to other genotypes, had a yellow skin and flesh colour, round tuber shape, superficial eye depth, short stolon length, and medium early maturity time, and were in the D cooking group, which had a mealy texture suitable for chips. ConclusionBased on the results of this study, the hybrids resulting from Savalan♀×Caeser♂, Caeser♀× Savalan♂, and the Liseta and Ribera cultivars, with an average of 36.63 to 39.97 tons per hectare, had the highest tuber yield among the genotypes under study. The hybrids obtained from Savalan♀×Caeser♂ had a mealy texture suitable for chips. The hybrids resulting from Caeser♀× Savalan♂ had a mealy texture suitable for frying, and the Liseta and Ribera cultivars had a relatively soft texture suitable for multi-purpose use.

AbstractThe importance of proper plant nutrition and the use of biofertilizers along with the optimal use of chemical fertilizers is a new approach that leads to high production and yield of the plant. In this study, the effect of planting medium and different fertilizers on the morphological characteristics of Physalis plant was investigated as a split plot experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes planting medium in four levels of control, manure, vermicompost and the combination of manure and vermicompost and the second factor the effect of different fertilizers in six levels including control, NPK chemical fertilizer, potash chelate 28%, iron nano chelate 15%, supra humic and biomass biofertilizer was applied to the soil during the growing season. The highest fruit yield per plant, number of leaves, leaf area, plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, was in the culture medium of vermicompost + vermicompost and biomic nano-biological fertilizer. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest fruit yield per plant was in the medium of animal manure + vermicompost and with the application of bio-nano biological biofertilizer (2.29 kg per plant). Also, the lowest fruit yield per plant was observed in the control treatment (0.49 g per plant). Therefore, in order to benefit more from the benefits of vermicompost in planting medium and biological fertilizers, it is recommended to include them in the nutrition program of Physalis plant to improve important growth and yield parameters and maintain human health by using biological fertilizers.IntroductionPhysalis (Physalis peruviana L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family, a tropical plant native to South America. Among the physalis species, the peruviana species is prominent due to its unique taste and high yield. Small fruits are consumed fresh and there is a limit in the use of chemicals to increase their quality. Therefore, the importance of proper nutrition of plants and the use of biological fertilizers along with the optimal use of chemical fertilizers is a new approach that leads to high plant production and performance. Physalis fruit is a very valuable product because of its unique taste, texture and color.Materials and MethodsIn this research, the effect of planting medium and different fertilizers on the morphological characteristics of Physalis plants was investigated in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes the planting medium in four control levels, manure, vermicompost and the combination of manure and vermicompost, and the second factor is the effect of different fertilizers in six levels including control, NPK chemical fertilizer, potassium chelates 28%, iron nano chelates 15%. %, superhumic biofertilizer and biomass were applied to the soil during the growing season. Parameters such as plant height, leaf surface, number of nodes, internode distance, number of fruits per plant, soluble solids, and the concentration of nutrients were investigated and studied.Results and DiscussionThe highest yield of fruit per plant, number of leaves, leaf area, plant height, dry weight and dry weight of shoots and roots were found in the manure + vermicompost cultivation medium and with the application of biomic biological nano fertilizer. So that the average comparison results showed that the maximum number of fruits per plant was in the manure + vermicompost cultivation medium and with the use of biomic nano biological fertilizer (2.29 kg per plant). Also, the lowest number of fruits per plant was observed in the control treatment (0.49 g per plant). In the vermicompost + manure culture medium and biomic biological nano fertilizer application, the highest amount of soluble solids was 16.5 degrees Brix and the lowest of this index was observed in the control treatment (without fertilizer) at 14 degrees Brix. The highest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were respectively (2.35 percent), (0.55 percent), and (3.5 percent) in the treatment of vermicompost + manure and biomic biological nanofertilizer, while the lowest concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and Potassium was observed respectively (1.15%), (0.32%) and (2.10%) in the control treatment (without fertilizer). In the treatment of manure + vermicompost and with the application of biomic biological nano fertilizer, the most chlorophyll a (8.5 mg/g fresh weight), b (7 mg/g fresh weight), total (16 mg/g fresh weight) and carotenoid (6 mg/g fresh weight) was obtained. Therefore, it is recommended to take advantage of the benefits of vermicompost in the planting medium and biological fertilizers, to include them in the nutritional program of the physalis plant so that important growth and yield parameters are improved and human health is maintained by using biological fertilizers.ConclusionIn general, the results showed that the use of biological fertilizers, having many advantages such as water retention capacity, improving the nutritional status of the soil, increasing the growth characteristics and the concentration of nutrients, has been able to increase the dry weight of the plant, and then increase the yield of the plant and increase the concentration of total soluble solids in the fruit and increase the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium elements in the plant. For this reason, it is recommended to use vermicompost planting bed with 5 tons per hectare in combination with 20 tons per hectare of manure and the use of biomic biological Nano fertilizer in the physalis plant cultivation and nutrition programs.

AbstractDifferent types of basil have attracted the attention of experts due to their antioxidant properties and supply of vitamins. To select the best purple basil genotype in terms of yield potential and adaptation to climatic conditions of the Isfahan region, six basil genotypes (native populations of Dastgerd, Isfahan and Ghaemshahr and advanced populations of Mazandaran, Ghaemshahr and Dastgerd) in two years (2016-2017) evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications at Kabootarabad station. The effect of year and the interaction of year and genotype on the studied traits were not significant, but genotypes showed significant differences in terms of leaf yield and weight (at 5% level) and the number of leaves (at 1% level). The advanced population of Dastgerd purple basil with a yield of 22177 kg.ha-1 was significantly higher than the Dastgerd, Ghaemshahr and Mazandaran purple basil populations. The weight of the leaves ranged from 756 g.m-2 (in the Isfahan population) to 1056 g.m-2 (in Ghaemshahr purple basil population). The number of leaves per plant in the Dastgerd purple basil population was 26, and significantly was more than other genotypes (except Dastgerd basil mass). According to the results of this research, for fresh consumption, Dastgerd purple basil population, Isfahan native population and Ghaemshahr purple basil population were more desirable, while Mazandaran genotype was recognized as the superior genotypes with more dry matter yield and essential oil production per unit area.IntroductionBasil (Ocimum basilicum L., 2n = 2x = 48) as a member of the Lamiaceae family has annual and perennial varieties and more than 60 species are cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and South America. Fresh food, medicinal, cosmetic and spice uses for this plant are mentioned and the amount of its essential oil varies from 0.1 to 0.45% depending on the variety, weather conditions and soil. In the comparison of 12 purple and green basil genotypes in Isfahan and Mazandaran provinces, the yield of the second harvest was higher in all genotypes, and in addition, the genotypes in the two regions showed completely different reactions, so that the (Mazandaran 2) genotype in Isfahan region was the lowest (11 t.ha-1) and It produced the highest yield (29.6 t.ha-1) in Mazandaran. Comparing some characteristics of purple and green basil in hydroponic conditions in Ahvaz, it was found that purple basil was superior to green basil in terms of chlorophyll content, carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the compatibility and selection of the advanced purple basil population in Isfahan province.Materials and MethodsTo select the best purple basil genotype in terms of yield potential and adaptation to climatic conditions of the Isfahan region, six basil genotypes (native populations of Dastgerd, Isfahan and Ghaemshahr and advanced populations of Mazandaran, Ghaemshahr and Dastgerd) in two years (2016-2017) evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications at Kabootarabad station. In order to prepare a suitable substrate, land preparation including plowing and two disks perpendicular to each other was done. Chemical fertilizers of urea (150 kg.ha-1), triple superphosphate (100 kg.ha-1) and potassium sulfate (70 kg.ha-1) were used based on the soil test. All the phosphorus and potash needed at the time of planting and nitrogen in divided form, 75 kg in each field at the time of plant activity, 75 kg were given as top dressing fertilizer one month later. To measure the yield, 50 cm from the sides of the plots were considered as margins and the rest of the plot was used to measure the yield. The performance of different harvests was recorded separately for each variety. To measure the final leaf area, eight plants were selected from the middle of each plot before harvesting, and finally, the total average for the total plots was calculated for each genotype. Composite variance analysis of traits was performed with SAS software version 2.9 and the averages were compared with Duncan's multiple range test.Results and DiscussionThe effect of year and the interaction of year and genotype on the studied traits were not significant, but genotypes showed significant differences in terms of leaf yield and weight (at 5% level) and the number of leaves (at 1% level). The advanced population of Dastgerd purple basil with a yield of 22177 kg.ha-1 was significantly higher than the Dastgerd, Ghaemshahr and Mazandaran purple basil populations. The weight of the leaves ranged from 756 g.m-2 (in the Isfahan population) to 1056 g.m-2 (in Ghaemshahr purple basil population). The number of leaves per plant in the Dastgerd purple basil population was 26, and significantly was more than other genotypes (except Dastgerd basil mass). According to the results of this research, for fresh consumption, Dastgerd purple basil population, Isfahan native population and Ghaemshahr purple basil population were more desirable, while Mazandaran genotype was recognized as the superior genotypes with more dry matter yield and essential oil production per unit area.ConclusionThe presence of indigenous masses of crops are considered among the blessings of God in our country. Purple basil is one of the plants that has significant genetic diversity in the country. Results The present study showed that Dastgerd purple basil population along with Ghaemshahr purple basil population and Isfahan purple basil population were significantly superior to the genotypes used in this research with 22177, 18418 and 18397 kg of fresh yield, respectively. The acceptable performance of these genotypes and their compatibility with the weather conditions that have led to the production of four crops during the growing season can support the consumer market well.

AbstractThe purpose of the relevant research is to study the effect of delayed planting on the agricultural characteristics of some promising wheat cultivars at high temperatures at the end of the season and to select cultivars that tolerate heat stress with high grain yield. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the research farm of Moghan Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources in the form of split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications during crop years 2017-2018. The main plot was three planting dates (15 November, 1 Desember and 15 December) and the sub-plot was 16 advanced wheat genotypes. The results of comparing the average interaction effect of genotype and planting date showed that on the planting date 15th of December, the maximum plant length, spike length and peduncle length corresponded to genotype number G4, and the highest number of spikelets and straw weight corresponded to genotype number G7. The highest number of seeds per spike, weight of seeds per spike, weight of seeds in the whole plant, weight of the whole plant and seed yield (4666.7 kg.ha-1) belonged to genotype No. G8. Also, under stress, high seed grain had a significant positive correlation with traits of total plant weight and the number and weight of grains per spike. The highest correlation coefficient (0.97) belonged to a trait of total plant weight with seed weight per spike on the planting date (15 December). In other words, the studied genotypes showed different responses in different cultivation dates. G14 and G8 cultivars were able to obtain high average seed yield in both normal and stress conditions on the planting dates of November 15 and December 15, respectively.IntroductionWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important crop on earth and is the major source of calories and protein making up half of the protein and 65% of the daily calorie intake needed for the population of the country. The economic importance of wheat, both in terms of production and nutrition, is more than other agricultural products in the world. Wheat can be produced even in areas where it is not possible to produce other plants due to changing climatic conditions or the dryness of the environment. Global climate changes increasingly affect the production of agricultural products. Critical weather conditions, especially temperature and rainfall anomalies, have a significant effect on the success of the cultivated area of crops. High and unusual temperature is one of the most common forms of abiotic stress, which is considered a great risk for crop production. The flowering stage is the most sensitive stage to heat stress. Complex interactions between phenological stages and the sensitivity of different growth stages to the environment affect the final yield. Heat stress also weakens the pollen and thus weakens pollination. The sensitivity of pollen to high temperature is related to the inability of pollen to make heat shock proteins. Heat stress during flowering and seed filling accelerates the destruction of leaf chlorophyll, resulting in a decrease in both leaf photosynthetic activity and final biomass. The response of wheat to heat stress and dehydration has a complex mechanism that includes molecular changes and its spread to all metabolic activities and its effect on plant morphology and phenology.The traditional approach to estimate the optimal planting date is to conduct direct field experiments with a range of planting dates. Selection for stress tolerance under field conditions is often done by exposing genotypes to high temperatures by changing planting dates. In arid and semi-arid regions, wheat planting cannot be postponed later than December due to the prevention of yield reduction due to late planting and the reduction of the length of the plant's growth period. The purpose of the relevant research is to study the effect of delayed planting on the agricultural characteristics of some promising wheat cultivars at high temperatures at the end of the season and to select cultivars that tolerate heat stress with high grain yield.Materials and MethodsFor this purpose, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the research farm of Moghan Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources in the form of split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications during crop years 2017-2018. The main plot was three planting dates (15 November, 1 Desember and 15 December) and the sub-plot was 16 advanced wheat genotypes. Each of the studied plots had six lines, each line with a length of five meters and the distance between the lines was 20 cm. Also, the seed density was 350 seeds per square meter.ResultsThe results of comparing the average interaction effect of genotype and planting date showed that on the planting date 15th of December, the maximum plant length, spike length and peduncle length corresponded to genotype number G4, and the highest number of spikelets and straw weight corresponded to genotype number G7. The highest number of seeds per spike, weight of seeds per spike, weight of seeds in the whole plant, weight of the whole plant and seed yield (4666.7 kg.ha-1) belonged to genotype No. G8. Also, under stress, high seed grain had a significant positive correlation with traits of total plant weight and the number and weight of grains per spike. The highest correlation coefficient (0.97) belonged to a trait of total plant weight with seed weight per spike on the planting date (15 December).ConclusionsIn general, according to the results of the present study, the studied genotypes showed different reactions in different cultivation dates. The cultivars G14 and G8 were able to obtain high average grain yield in both normal and stress conditions on the planting dates of November 24 and December 24, respectively. Also, the simultaneous examination of biochemical and morphological parameters is important for selecting genotypes tolerant to heat stress at the end of the season and is recommended for further studies.

AbstractTo study some steckling characteristics and quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet monogerm (Cv. Pars) seed under the influence of planting date, nitrogen amounts and density an experiment was conducted as split factorial based on RCBD with four replications at sugar beet elite seed research station of Firouzkooh during two years (2012-2013). Planting date at levels of 1 and 21 July and 10 August were assigned to main plots and density at levels of 10, 20, 30 and 40 plants per square meter and nitrogen levels including 25% less than optimum, optimum and 25% higher than optimum in a factorial arrangement were assigned to sub-plots. Increasing the density at different planting dates decreased steckling weight and increasing nitrogen consumption at different planting dates increased the average weight of stecklings. In the second year of trial stored and vernalized stecklings were evaluated for the traits of the quantitative and qualitative traits of seed in RCBD with four replications To achieve the greatest steckling yield (12.24 tons per hectare), planting 40 plants per square meter on july 1st and nitrogen consumption at 25% higher than optimum also to reach the highest crude seed yield (122.31 grams per plant) and marketable seed yield (43.74 grams per plant), seed bearing plants obtained from stecklings of planting date of 1 July × plant density of 10 plants per square meter × optimum nitrogen consumption and planting date of 1 July × plant density of 40 plants per square meter× nitrogen consumption at 25% less than optimum respectively are recommended for semi-arid and cold regions such as Firouzkooh and similar regions in terms of climate.IntroductionThe development of mechanization and cultivation of monogerm seeds in the beet growing areas in Iran has increased the importance of producing high quality seeds. The production of sugar beet seeds in Firouzkooh region is done in an indirect way, that is, the transfer of stecklings is done in two years. Nitrogen is necessary to arouse growth in the early stages of growing (steckling production) and increases seed yield also increases seed germination percentage. Generally, increasing the weight of stecklings and reducing density, accelerates ripening, makes the seeds larger and increases the seed viability. Reducing plant density causes an increase in plant biomass, rather than increasing the seed yield, and accordingly, to improve economic benefit from environmental factors, dense planting of small stecklings is better than thin planting of their large types. Also, early planting increases leaf area index and consequently increases dry weight and root yield. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the most suitable seed planting date, plant density and management of nitrogen consumption, to produce the most stecklings with appropriate weight also to determine how the steckling size and agronomic management of steckling production affect the quantity and quality of the seed was produced.Materials and methodsIn this research, the effect of planting date, nitrogen amounts and plant density on some characteristics of stecklings and quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet monogerm seed of Pars cultivar at sugar beet elite seed research station of Firouzkooh for two years (2012 and 2013) was investigated. This research was conducted in two separate experiments in two consecutive years. The first experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on RCBD with four replications. Planting date at levels of 1 and 21 July and 10 August were assigned to main plots and density at levels of 10, 20, 30 and 40 (plants.m-2) and nitrogen levels including 25% less than optimum, optimum and 25% higher than optimum in a factorial arrangement were assigned to sub-plots. In the second experiment (in 2013), a part of the stored and vernalized stecklings that were the result of different combinations of different levels of the factors of the first experiment were investigated in the form of 36 treatments based on RCBD with four replications. The quantitative traits of steckling in the first experiment and quantitative and qualitative traits of seed in the second experiment were evaluated. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical software of SAS (V. 9.1.3) based on the statistical criteria of the design and Duncan’s multiple range test was performed at the 5% level of probability.Results and discussionThe results showed that planting date of 1 July, plant density of 40 (plant.m-2) and nitrogen consumption at 25% higher than optimum had the greatest steckling yield with 12.24 (t.ha-1). With earlier planting, increasing density and increasing nitrogen consumption, steckling dry weight and total dry weight with 324.44 and 576.05 (gr.m-2), respectively had the highest values. It seems that earlier planting has created suitable conditions for the growth of aerial and underground organs in the plant.  Mean comparisons showed that the treatment combination of planting date of 1 July, plant density of 10 (plant.m-2) and nitrogen consumption at optimum level in steckling production, had the greatest crude seed yield with 122.3 (gr.plant-1) in the second year. The highest marketable seed yield (43.74 gr.plant-1) obtained from the stecklings of planting date of 1 July × plant density of 40 (plant.m-2) × nitrogen consumption at 25% less than optimum. The higher percentage of seed emptiness in most treatments of density and nitrogen consumption occurred in the later planting date. In general, the treatment combinations related to the first planting date were in a better condition in terms of the percentage of seed viability. It seems that from the earlier planting date, larger roots were obtained and this increased the growth rate of the stecklings, the quantitative and qualitative yield in the second year. Other researchers also stated that in general, increase in steckling weight (caused by early planting) and decreasing density has caused the seed to grow larger and increasing the seed viability.ConclusionsAccording to the results of this research to achieve the greatest steckling yield (12.24 t.ha-1), planting 40 (plant.m-2) on July 1st and nitrogen consumption at 25% higher than optimum also to reach the highest crude seed yield (122.31 gr.plant-1) and marketable seed yield (43.74 gr.plant-1), seed bearing plants obtained from stecklings of planting date of 1 July × plant density of 10 (plant.m-2) × optimum nitrogen consumption and planting date of 1 July × plant density of 40 (plant.m-2)× nitrogen consumption at 25% less than optimum respectively are recommended for semi-arid and cold regions such as Firouzkooh and similar regions in terms of climate.

AbstractQuinoa is an annual plant belonging to the Amaranthaceae family with high adaptability and acceptable yield in different environments. In order to determine the most suitable planting date and quinoa genotype, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of university of Jiroft in 2018-2019 season year. Sowing date in three levels August 23, September 11 and October 2 were as main plots and quinoa genotypes in ten levels Red Carina, Titicaca, Giza1, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29 and Q31 were as sub plots. The results showed the highest plant height (122.9 cm), number of panicles per plant (18), number of spikes per panicle (12.1), biomass yield (9760 kg.ha-1), seed yield (4243.3 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (374.3 kg.ha-1) was related to Q12 variety on the first sowing date. However, Q26 and Q29 genotypes were not significantly different from Q12 genotype in most of the investigated traits. In general, the planting date of September 1 is the best planting date and the Q12, Q26 and Q29 genotypes are recommended for Jiroft region, due to the higher yield and better growth characteristics, it can be recommended on the first of September under the same conditions as this research, although it is necessary to repeat the research for more definitive results.IntroductionQuinoa belongs to the Taj Khorosian family, it is an annual plant, dicotyledonous, self-growing, broad-leaved, one to two meters high, and has a deep root system (Jacobsen et al., 2003). Ecologically, quinoa is a plant resistant to acidic soil conditions, drought, frost (Valencia-Camuro, 2004), hot and dry weather. Sowing date due to the change in temperature, day length, temperature, and relative humidity has a significant effect on the growth and development of the plant during the growing season and is one of the most important management factors affecting the production of crops (Khichar and Niwas, 2006). The autumn sowing date of quinoa varies from September to late November. In general, according to different climates and temperature during planting and harvesting, the date of planting can be determined for each region (Bagheri, 2017). This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the history of different cultivations in different cultivars and genotypes of quinoa in the subtropical region of Jiroft.Material and MethodsIn order to determine the most suitable planting date and quinoa genotype, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of university of Jiroft in 2018-2019 season year. Sowing date in three levels August 23, September 11 and October 2 were as main plots and quinoa genotypes in ten levels Red Carina, Titicaca, Giza1, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29 and Q31 were as sub plots. Quinoa seeds were cultivated manually with a distance between rows of 50 cm and a distance between plants of 5 cm (Bagheri, 2017). A drip irrigation system was used for irrigation.The origin of genotypes Q12, Q18, Q19, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q27, Q29, Q31 is Chile, Red Carina of Egypt and Titicaca of Denmark (Bazile et al., 2016). The genotypes used in this research were obtained from the Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources in the south of Kerman province, located in Jiroft city. At the end of the growing season, yield traits and yield components were measured per unit area after removing the margin effect. Seed protein concentration was measured by modified Bradford method (Lorin and Matolis, 2005). Data were analyzed using SAS software and means were compared using the least significant difference (Dancan) at the 5% level.Results and discussionThe results showed the highest plant height (122.9 cm), number of panicles per plant (18), number of spikes per panicle (12.1), biomass yield (9760 kg.ha-1), seed yield (4243.3 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (374.3 kg.ha-1) was related to Q12 variety on the first sowing date. However, Q26 and Q29 genotypes were not significantly different from Q12 genotype in most of the investigated traits. Delay in planting date caused a significant decrease in seed yield. Comparison of the average effect of planting date on seed yield showed that the highest seed yield was obtained from the first and second planting dates with an average of 3,397.6 and 3,163 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the lowest was from the third planting date with an average of 2,093.3 kg.ha-1. Parger et al. (2018) observed the highest seed yield among the studied quinoa genotypes in the Zeno genotype with 2430 kg. Seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with plant height, stem diameter, number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle. The results of protein yield showed that genotype Q12 had the highest protein yield with 585.9 kg.ha-1 and Red Carina and Titicaca cultivars (224.1 and 193.6 kg.ha-1) had the lowest protein yield. The amount of quinoa seed protein is a function of the improvement of traits such as the number of panicles per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, the harvest index and the biomass weight, which occurs following suitable temperature conditions with different phenological stages of the plant.ConclusionIn general, the planting date of September 1 is the best planting date and the Q12, Q26 and Q29 genotypes are recommended for Jiroft region, due to the higher yield and better growth characteristics, it can be recommended on the first of September under the same conditions as this research, although it is necessary to repeat the research for more definitive results.

AbstractTo assess the effectiveness of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) on the agromorphological characteristics of Lemon balm under drought stress in the second year of cultivation, an experiment was performed in the form of split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes three levels of drought stress (full irrigation, 75% and 50% of full irrigation) and the sub-factor was inoculation with PGPB in 5 levels including control (no bacterial inoculation) and inoculation with four bacterial species (Azospirillum, Bacillus strain A, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Streptomyces rimosus). Based on the obtained results, the effect of different levels of drought stress on all investigated traits was significant. Bacterial treatment showed a significant effect on the number of sub-branches, leaf area index, stem dry weight, percentage and yield of essential oil and biological yield in the first cut and leaf dry weight in the second cut. The interaction effect of stress and bacteria was significant only on the number of branches in the second cut. With the increase in the intensity of drought stress, a decreasing trend was seen in all the analyzed traits including in plant height, number of sub-branches, leaf surface, stem and leaf dry weight, percentage and yield of essential oil and biological yield while inoculation of the plant with Azospirillum, Streptomyces rimosus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria caused a 10-20% increase in the studied traits compared to the control. Overall, bacterial treatments reduced the adverse effects of drought stress on the studied traits. According to this research, in order to improve the quantitative and qualitative yield and some agromorphological characteristics of Lemon balm under drought stress, inoculation of the plant with Azospirillum, Streptomyces rimosus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria is recommended.IntroductionLemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is one of the herbaceous perennial medicinal plants that has a variety of uses. Nowadays, due to the increasing popularity of medicinal plants, the area under these plants’ cultivation continue to increase. However, problems such as drought stress limit the development of these plants’ cultivation. Plants respond to water deficit stress at morphological, biochemical and physiological levels and use different adaptation mechanisms to withstand drought stress. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are soil bacteria that can increase crop plant growth and protect them against biotic and abiotic stresses through different mechanisms. In this regard, this study was designed and conducted to investigate the effectiveness of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) on the agromorphological characteristics of Lemon balm under drought stress in the second year of Lemon Balm cultivation under water deficit stress.Materials and MethodsThis experiment was performed during 2019-2020 growing season at the research field of the faculty of agricultural, Shahrekord University in the form of split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor includes three levels of drought stress (full irrigation, 75% and 50% of full irrigation) and the sub-factor was inoculation with PGPB in 5 levels including control (no bacterial inoculation) and inoculation with four bacterial species (Azospirillum, Bacillus strain A, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Streptomyces rimosus). The amount of irrigation water was calculated using plant water requirement. In order to apply water stress, a moisture meter (Delta-T, SM-150T) was used to measure soil moisture content and the plants were irrigated when the respective MAD threshold was reached. Leaf area was measured with Digimizer software. After harvesting, first the plant height was measured and then the number of main and sub-branches was counted and the leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and biological yield were determined. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation method using a Clevenger equipment. SAS software implemented for statistical analysis and the means were compared using LSD test.Results and discussionThe results showed that the effect of different levels of drought stress on plant height, number of sub-branches, leaf area, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, essential oil percentage, biological and essential oil yield was significant. Bacterial treatment showed a significant effect on the number of sub-branches, leaf area index, stem dry weight, percentage and yield of essential oil and biological yield in the first cut and leaf dry weight in the second cut. The interaction effect of stress and bacteria only on the number of branches in the second cut was significant. With the increase in the intensity of drought stress, a decreasing trend was seen in all the analyzed traits including in plant height, number of sub-branches, leaf surface, stem and leaf dry weight, percentage and yield of essential oil and biological yield while inoculation of the plant with Azospirillum, Streptomyces rimosus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria caused a 10-20% increase in the studied traits compared to the control. The highest essential oil yield, in both cuts was observed in inoculated treatment of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that increasing drought stress causing significant reduction of all studied traits. However, bacterial treatments reduced the adverse effects of drought stress on the studied traits compared to non-inoculated at all drought stress levels. Among these bacterial treatments, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens had the most effect in improving the adverse effects of stress in all investigated traits and both cuts. According to this research, in order to improve the quantitative and qualitative yield and some agromorphological characteristics of Lemon balm under drought stress, inoculation of the plant with Azospirillum, Streptomyces rimosus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria is recommended.

AbstractConsidering the effect of stresses on photosynthesis, the investigation of chlorophyll fluorescence in plants is very important to evaluate the effect of herbicides on plants. This experiment was also conducted in order to study the effects of Dylan, Atlantis and Total herbicides on the dandelion fluorescence system in the green space of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2021 For this purpose, different doses (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 times the recommended dose) of the herbicides Dylan, Atlantis and Total were applied. Fluorescence of dandelion was measured.1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after treatment with herbicides with a portable fluorometer. The results showed that Dylan and Atlantis reduced maximum fluorescence more severe than Total and irreversible. The application of high dose of Atlantis reduced the variable fluorescence of dandelion by 46% compared to the control. Also, the dry weight of dandelion decreased under the influence of different herbicide treatments compared to the control. The amount of reduction in the herbicide treatment of Dylan and Atlantis was more than total. In these herbicides, the dry weight of dandelion was 50% less than the control.IntroductionHerbicides are one of the most effective agricultural tools in the fight against weeds, and the use of these chemicals has increased significantly in recent years, especially in developed countries in the field of agriculture. It is necessary to use non-destructive and high-speed methods to accurately and quickly investigate the effects of herbicides on plants and identify their mechanisms of action. Evaluation of chlorophyll a fluorescence is a quick and non-destructive method to determine the state of the plant's photosynthetic system in response to various stresses, such as herbicide stress. Chlorophyll a transfers the energy received from the light photon to the reaction center and these interactions cause the electron transfer chain to start in the chloroplast. Considering the effect of stresses on photosynthesis, the investigation of chlorophyll a fluorescence in plants is very important to evaluate the effect of herbicides on plants.Materials and methodsThis experiment was also conducted in order to study the effects of Dylan, Atlantis and Total herbicides on the dandelion fluorescence system in the green space of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2020  in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Different doses (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 times the recommended dose) of Dylan, Atlantis and Total herbicides were evaluated. Chlorophyll a fluorescence of dandelion was measured 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after treatment with different herbicides with a portable fluorometer. For this purpose, fully developed leaves on the top of the plant were selected. The selected leaves were placed in the dark for 20 minutes using special clips so that all reaction centers of the photosynthetic apparatus were open and ready to transfer electrons. Then, a light pulse at a wavelength of 650 nm with an intensity of 3000 μmolphotons per square meter per second was irradiated to these leaves for four seconds, and parameters such as minimum fluorescence (F0), maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), efficiency of the water-decomposing complex as an electron donor of photosystem II (Fv/Fo), and heat loss (Fo/Fm) ) were studied. One month after application of different weed control treatments, in each plot dandelion were colected using a 25×25 cm square and then placed in an oven at a temperature of 72°C for 48 hours and their dry weight was measured.Results and discussionResults showed that application of herbicides decreased maximum fluorescence of Fm, variable fluorescence of Fv, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and efficiency of water splitting complex as an electron donor to photosystem II (Fv/Fo) of dandelion and increased minimum fluorescence and Fo/Fm. Also, dry weight of dandelion weed decreased under the influence of different herbicide treatments compared to control (no herbicide). Results showed that maximum fluorescence reduction in Dylan and Atlantis was more severe and irreversible than Total. Application of a dose of 2 times recommended amount of Atlantis reduced variable fluorescence of dandelion by 46% compared to control. Also, dry weight of dandelion weed decreased under the influence of different herbicide treatments compared to control. The amount of reduction in Dylan and Atlantis herbicide treatment was more than total. In these herbicides, the dry weight of dandelion was 50% less than the control. The results of the effect of herbicides on dry weight were consistent with their effect on the fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll a. Total herbicide did not have much effect on chlorophyll a and dry weight parameters, on the contrary, Atlantis and Dylan herbicides increased Fo and Fo/Fm and decreased Fm, Fv and Fv/Fo, and as a result decreased dry weight of dandelion.ConchusionOverall, results showed that Atlantis herbicide had the greatest effect on fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll a and dry weight. Based on results obtained from the evaluation of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and the existence of a relationship between chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and dandelion weed biomass calculated one month after the application of herbicide treatments, it can be concluded that chlorophyll a fluorescence is a quick method to study the effectiveness of herbicides and reduces the time required to study the plants response to herbicides.

AbstractAtriplex patula is a wild plant from the Chenopodiaceae family that has medicinal, nutritional, fodder and dedesertification applications. In order to determine the type of seed dormancy and characteristics of germination and the method of breaking dormancy and determining the cardinal temperatures of germination in this species, two experiments were conducted separately. In the first experiment, the first factor, potassium nitrate was evaluated at 4 levels and cold stratification as the second factor at 3 levels. The percentage and rate of seed germination were calculated. The second experiment was conducted to determine the germination cardinal temperatures, by 9 temperature levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40℃) and by determining the germination rate and fitting the most suitable regression model between temperature and germination rate. In both experiments, each treatment had 4 replications of 25 seeds and the percentage and germination rate were calculated. The results showed that potassium nitrate with a concentration of 250 mg/liter along with cold stratification at 3°C for one week had the most positive effect on the breaking of seed dormancy and the germination percentage and germination rate. the rate and percentage of germination reached 8.16 and 90%, respectively. In the second experiment, the cardinal germination temperatures, including the minimum, optimum and maximum temperatures, were obtained as 1.86°C, 22.5°C and 38.89°C, respectively, and the toothed regression model showed the best fit. According to these findings, seed dormancy in Atriplex patula was determined to be of non-deep physiological type.IntroductionWild grassland plants are among the sources that have been considered for new food sources with the rapid increase of the world population and can be used as agricultural plants in the future. Atriplex patula is a herb of the Chenopodiaceae family, which has been reported for its medicinal, nutritional, fodder and dedesertification uses. Atriplex species are halophytes that are distributed in a variety of saline habitats, including the margins of wetlands, coastal areas, hills, and deserts (Bueno et al., 2017). These plants are suitable for dry and semi-arid degraded pastures in terms of compatibility with the environment, being evergreen and growing in poor and salty lands. Domestication of wild plants has obstacles, one of which is the existence of seed dormancy and, as a result, the problem of germination, so in order to improve seed germination, it is necessary to apply treatments to remove the obstacles to germination. According to the type and depth of seed dormancy, various treatments have been proposed to break dormancy and stimulate plant seed germination, which also depends on the genotype of the plant species. In order to determine the type of dormancy and characteristics of germination and a method for breaking dormancy and determining germination cardinal temperatures in this species, two experiments were conducted separately.Materials and MethodsThe first experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with two factors. The first factor was potassium nitrate at 4 levels (0, 250, 500 and 750 mg.L-1) and the second factor was cold stratification at 3 levels (without cold stratification and cold stratification at +3℃ and +6℃). The number of treatments was 12 and 25 seeds were used in 4 repetitions. The rate and percentage of seed germination were calculated. In order to determine the germination cardinal temperatures, an experiment was conducted in a completely random design by 9 temperature levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40℃). Each treatment had 4 replications of 25 seeds. this experiment was done by determining the germination rate and fitting the most suitable regression model between temperature and germination rate.Results and DisscussionThe results of variance analysis of the effect of treatments used to break seed dormancy in this research, showed that the germination percentage of Atriplex patula seeds and their germination rate were significantly affected by the application of potassium nitrate, and cold stratification, and the interaction of these two treatments with a probability level of 99% (P<0.01). Based on the results, potassium nitrate (250 mg.L-1) along with cold stratification at 3°C for one week had the most positive effect on seed dormancy breaking and increasing the germination percentage and rate. The rate and percentage germination reached 8.16 and 90% respectively by this treatment. The lowest germination percentage was related to the control treatment (0 mg.L-1 potassium nitrate × without cold stratification), and the highest germination percentage was 90.00%, related to the interaction of two factors of potassium nitrate 250 mg.liter-1 × cold stratification at 3℃. Cold stratification treatment had a greater effect on seed dormancybreaking than potassium nitrate treatment. The lack of cold stratification, in different concentrations of potassium nitrate, decreased the germination percentage of seeds, although the treatment of seeds with different concentrations of potassium nitrate had a significant difference with the control treatment, but without the wet cooling treatment, the germination percentage decreased. In the second experiment, the germination cardinal temperature, including the minimum, optimal, and maximum temperatures, were obtained as 1.86, 22.51, and 38.89℃, respectively, and the best model was chosen to be the cardinal temperatures of the tooth-like model. The lowest germination rate (0.4) was observed at 5°C. With the increase in temperature from 5°C to above, the germination rate increased and at 25°C, the highest germination rate was achieved. From the temperature of 25°C and above, the germination rate decreased with a significant difference. Different temperatures with their effect on germination may be useful for evaluating the characteristics of germination and establishment potential of plant species. The issue that should be noted is that the germination rate is more important than the germination percentage in the discussion of plant establishment, because the faster the germination, the more likely the roots will come out of the soil and absorb soil moisture and result better establishment of the seedling (Hashemi et al., 2017).ConclusionAccording to the results of the present research, it was found that seed dormancy in Atriplex patula is of non-deep physiological type. Cold stratification at 3°C is more effective than potassium nitrate in breaking seed dormancy of this plant.

AbstractThis research was done in the form of random complete block statistical design using split-factorial method with three replications in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in the year 2022-2023. Three controltreatment, interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering until 50% of podding and interruption of irrigation at the podding stage until harvest were compared in the main plots.Two genotypes of Hyola 4815 and Aram and three densities of 80, 110 and 140 plants.m-2 were investigated in sub-plots. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation*genotype*density on the number of ranches, insoluble content in acidic detergent, ash, digestible dry matter, lactation specific energy and metabolizable energy was significant. The highest and lowest content of insoluble fibers was obtained from the control treatment, density of 140 plants and Hyola4815 genotype, and interruption of irrigation, density of 80 plants per square meter and Aram genotype, which showed a significant difference with other treatments. gave In general, the highest dry forage yield was obtained in the full irrigation treatment (3722 kg.ha-1), which showed a significant difference with the other levels of irrigation. Also, the Aram genotype showed a significant superiority with fodder yield equal to 3482 kg.ha-1 compared to Hyola 4815 genotype. The highest and lowest yield of dry fodder (respectively 3471 and 3226 kg.ha-1) was related to the density of 140 and 80 plants, respectively, which had significant differences with each other, but did not show significant difference with the density level of 110 plants.m-2. Based on this, in addition to the Aram genotype as the superior genotype, the plant density of 110 plants per square meter can be considered as the superior density in this experiment, which, in addition to the higher forage quality, also has a lower seed consumption cost compared to the density of 140 plants per square meter.IntroductionIrrigation is one of the most important factors affecting the quality and quantity of fodder plants. Also, the digestibility of fodder depends on the chemical composition of fodder. Plant density is a factor that affects the distribution of plant dry matter. In the study of Nasirpour and Zakirnejad (2018), the effect of four densities of 20, 30, 40 and 50 plants per square meter on the yield of pearl millet fodder was investigated and the results showed that the highest yield of millet fodder was obtained at a density of 50 plants per square meter and the lowest at a density of 20 The plant was obtained in square meters. Also, the research findings of Eskandari et al. (2017) increased the yield of dry fodder and the amount of hemicellulose-free cell wall with the increase in corn plant density, and then the forage quality was estimated to be higher. The presence of water-rich and profitable plants such as corn, whose cultivation has been developed regardless of water resource limitations in all provinces, is one of the reasons for the lack of attention to plants such as canola, which can be used as grazing, storage and silage for livestock. On the other hand, the scientific investigation of the fodder aspects of rapeseed has remained far away, and in Khuzestan province, livestock are facing a shortage of fodder in the winter season. Rapeseed cultivation can be one of the basic solutions to provide the fodder needed by livestock in this season.Materials and MethodsThe research was carried out with the aim of investigating the qualitative characteristics and performance of canola genotypes under the treatment of irrigation interruption and plant density in the agricultural year 2022-2023 at Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in the form of a split factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors include (1. control without interruption of irrigation, 2. interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering (phenology code 60) to 50% of fruiting (phenology code 75) and interruption of irrigation in the phase of fruiting until harvest (phenology code 71-99)), canola genotypes (Hyola 4815 and Aram) and plant density (80, 110 and 140 plants per square meter) were considered as secondary factors.Results and DiscussionThe results of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction between the treatments of irrigation interruption, and genotype in plant density on the traits of the number of branches, insoluble content in acidic detergent, ash content, total digestible nutrients, digestible dry matter, lactation specific energy and metabolizable energy was significant. The highest amount of total digestible nutrients, amount of metabolizable energy, digestible dry matter and milking specific energy were assigned to Aram genotype and the density of 80 plants per square meter and the treatment of irrigation interruption from seeding to harvest. The highest and lowest content of insoluble fibers in acidic detergent was obtained from the control treatment combination (optimal irrigation), density of 140 plants per square meter and Hyola 4815 genotype, and interruption of irrigation in the third stage, density of 80 plants per square meter and Aram genotype.ConclusionThe results of this experiment showed that between the experimental treatments in terms of performance of fresh fodder, dry fodder and quantitative and qualitative indicators including morphological traits, insoluble fibers in neutral and acidic detergent, total digestible nutrient, dry matter consumption, specific energy of lactation, there was a significant difference in metabolic energy and relative nutritional energy. The highest yield of dry fodder was observed from the treatment with the density of 140 plants per square meter and the Aram genotype, and the lowest amount was from the Hyola 4815 genotype and the density of 140 plants per square meter. Also, the highest total digestible nutrient, amount of metabolizable energy, digestible dry matter and lactation specific energy were observed according to the Aram genotype and the density of 80 plants per square meter and the conditions of stress from tillering to harvest.